It is no secret that the electrical grid is aging, but one part stands out from the rest. Transformers have not changed much since Thomas Edison made his first light bulb. Now, a string of startups are working to modernize the transformer, replacing it with modern power electronics that promise to give grid operators more control over how and where electricity flows.
As Subhashish Bhattacharya, co-founder and CTO of DG Matrix, explained, it becomes a very powerful device, equivalent to your internet router. Three startups recently raised sizable rounds to scale up production of their solid-state transformer technologies. This week, DG Matrix raised a sixty million dollar Series A and Heron Power raised a one hundred forty million dollar Series B round. In November, Amperesand raised eighty million dollars to chase after the burgeoning data center market.
Existing transformers are reliable and efficient, but that is about it. They are relatively crude instruments, made largely of copper and iron. They react passively to changes on the grid and are capable of tackling only one task per device. Drew Baglino, founder and CEO of Heron Power, noted that an old-school steel, copper, and oil transformer does not have any monitoring or control. In instances where electricity surges or a power plant trips offline, that can be a liability.
The new solid-state devices can incorporate power from a range of different sources, including traditional power plants, renewables, and batteries. They transform that electricity into either alternating current or direct current at a number of different voltages, allowing them to replace several devices.
For data centers, solid-state transformers offer an appealing alternative, allowing them to shrink the footprint of their power systems while giving them finer control over where and how electricity is directed. Solid-state transformers are poised to arrive at a time when existing transformers are aging and demand for new ones is surging, a classic tech supercycle. Most transformers on the grid today are several decades old, according to the National Laboratory of the Rockies. As demand from data centers, EV chargers, and other parts of the grid rises, the NLR expects the amount of power flowing through transformers to double by 2050.
While data centers are the first market those companies are chasing, they also have their sights set on the electrical grid, which in the U.S. alone hosts as many as eighty million transformers. All of the distribution transformers are ultimately going to need to be replaced, Baglino said, noting that over fifty percent of them are thirty-five years old and there is a big need for an upgrade.
Because they are made from silicon-based materials, they are flexible, controllable, and software-updatable. They are also immune from price fluctuations that rock the copper market. Power semiconductors keep getting cheaper, Baglino observed, while steel, copper, and oil generally do not, with commodity prices that can move all over the place.
In an old-style transformer, power flows into the transformer through copper wires wound around one side of an O-shaped iron core. As the electricity flows, it induces a magnetic field in the core. On the other side of the core, the magnetic field induces electricity in another set of copper windings. If the wires wrap around the core more times on the input side than the output side, the voltage decreases on the output side. If the ratio inverts, the output voltage increases.
Solid-state transformers eschew the copper windings in favor of semiconductors, using materials like silicon carbide or gallium nitride to handle frequency conversion. They can come in a range of configurations, with the most comprehensive setup consisting of three basic parts: a rectifier that converts alternating current to direct current, a converter that changes the voltage of the direct current, and an inverter that changes the direct current back into alternating current.
Unlike iron-core transformers, solid-state transformers can handle power that flows in both directions, making them useful in places that need backup power, like data centers. In a data center, a solid-state transformer can replace several different pieces of equipment, not just the transformer that steps voltage down from the grid. Every data center uses backup power, which requires a string of devices to bring power into the facility. Solid-state transformers can handle all of those duties in one box.
The technology also allows data centers to more easily integrate so-called behind-the-meter power, where generating capacity is connected directly to the data center, not the grid. Those typically require another set of transformers. And when coupled with grid-scale batteries, solid-state transformers can eliminate uninterruptible power supplies too, freeing up space inside the data center for more racks. Haroon Inam, co-founder and CEO of DG Matrix, stated that if you add up the cost of everything they have taken out, they are sixty to seventy percent of that cost.
DG Matrix has been focusing on its Interport technology, which can route power from multiple sources to multiple loads of differing voltages, a setup the company holds multiple patents on. Heron Power, meanwhile, is working on transforming medium-voltage power in data centers, solar farms, and grid-scale battery installations. In a data center, its Heron Link transformers can provide racks with thirty seconds of power while backup sources come online. Altogether, Heron Link occupies seventy percent less space than existing parts. At a solar farm, Heron Power’s transformers can perform the duties of an inverter and a transformer for the same price.
In a head-to-head comparison, solid state transformers still command a cost premium over iron-core transformers. For that reason, they are unlikely to replace the giant humming boxes at grid substations in the very near future. But in data centers and at EV charging hubs, where solid-state transformers take the place of several pieces of equipment, they will start making inroads. When they finally hit the grid in bigger numbers, they have the potential to cut down on transmission and distribution costs, one of the biggest contributors to utility bill inflation.
Because today’s transformers are passive and unable to react to fluctuations, distribution networks have been built with a significant amount of spare capacity, Baglino said. Solid-state transformers, though, can respond to changing conditions, allowing grid operators to send more power through the same lines. You can actually make the infrastructure more affordable because you are putting more kilowatt-hours through the same poles and wires, he said. That is where intelligence, in place of passive mechanical objects that were designed one hundred years ago, can make a big difference.